PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
		Induan									251.2
		Induan				Kathwai					251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai					251.902
											252.4 *
						Chhidru					252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru					254.14
						Kalabagh					255 *
						Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian							Wordian		264.28
											265.3 *
						Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb			Roadian		266.9
		Roadian							Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian			273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian			281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian			283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian			290.1
		Asselian			Nealian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian					330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian							Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			485.4
		Stage 10					Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian					Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian					Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian					Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids							497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai							509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
											538.8