PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene							0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene							3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene							5.333
				Tortonian	Late Miocene							7.246
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene							11.63
				Langhian	Middle Miocene							13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene							15.98
				Aquitanian	Early Miocene							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene							23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene							27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene							33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene							37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene							41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene							47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene							56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene							59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene							61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan				145
				Kimmeridgian			Oteke	Puaroan				149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan				150
								Heterian				154.5
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Callovian				Temaikan				164.3
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan				176
				Pliensbachian				Ururoan				184.2
				Pliensbachian				Aratauran				188.9
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
				Norian				Warepan				208.5
								Otamitan				217
								Oretian				221
				Carnian				Oretian				227
				Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan				227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan				237
				Ladinian				Etalian				238
				Anisian				Etalian				242
				Anisian				Malakovian				246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian				247.2
				Olenekian				Nelsonian				249
Induan				251.2				Nelsonian
Induan				DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan	Buntsandstein	251.902
			Changhsingian			Waiitian		253.2
			Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		254.14
			Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan		254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima		Flettian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian			Flettian	Leine	264.28
			Wordian			Barettian	Leine	266
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Kungurian			Mangapirian		276
			Artinskian			Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
			Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian					Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian			Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan		Topazan					504.5
			Wuliuan		Delamaran					506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran			Branchian	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4		Dyeran					511 *
			Stage 3		Dyeran					514
					Montezuman					514.8 *
					Montezuman			Placentian		517.1
					Begadean					519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									1000
		Ectasian									1200
		Calymmian									1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian									1600
		Orosirian									1800
		Rhyacian									2050
		Siderian					2300
Archean	Neoarchean						2500
	Mesoarchean						2800
	Paleoarchean						3200
	Eoarchean						3600
Hadean				4000
												4600