PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Salt Range	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Lujanian									0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene			Ensenadan									0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Vorohuean									2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene			Chapadmalalan									3.6
						Montehermosan									3.7 *
						Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
						Chasicoan									7.9 *
						Mayoan									9.9 *
						Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene			Laventan									11.63
		Serravallian				Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian				Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene			Friasian									15.98
						Santacrucian									16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
		Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian									20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene												23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene												27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			Tinguirirican									28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene			Tinguirirican									33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene			Divisaderan									35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene												37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene			Mustersan									47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene			Casamayoran									47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Riochican									56
						Itaboraian									56.9 *
						Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene												61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene			Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
		Induan		251.2
		Induan		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai	Meishanian		251.902
							252.4 *
				Chhidru			252.9 *
					Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian		254.14
				Kalabagh			255 *
				Wargal			256 *
					Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian		264.28
							265.3 *
				Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian		Amb			266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
								Lasnamagi		458.9 *
								Aseri		460.4 *
						Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
								Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Pakerort			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan									Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran							Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran									514
				Montezuman									514.8 *
				Montezuman							Placentian		517.1
				Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
															538.8