PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of England		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian Epochs	Permian of Western Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene											0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene										Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene										Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian											Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian											Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene										Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene										Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene										Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Agenian	20
		Aquitanian											Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene											33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene											37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene											41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene											56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene											59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Zechstein	Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Rotliegendes	Midian		259.51
		Wordian										Midian		264.28
		Wordian										Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian										Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian										Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian									Autunian	Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian										Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian		Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel		298.9
					Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
			Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian		489.5
									Aksaian		490.7 *
									Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian							Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian	Middle Cambrian	497
									Ayusokkanian		Arcadian	498.4
												499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan							Tuesaian			504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian		Early Cambrian				509
									Toyonian	510 *
									Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian	514
									Atdabanian	515.6 *
				Placentian					Atdabanian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian	521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
														538.8