PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128010 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of Britain		Central Paratethys Stages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Australia	Cambrian of China	South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											Lujanian		0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											Ensenadan		0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene											Ensenadan		0.774
		Calabrian												Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene											Vorohuean		2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene											Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene											Chapadmalalan		3.6
														Montehermosan		3.7 *
														Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian							Pannonian							7.246
														Chasicoan		7.9 *
														Mayoan		9.9 *
														Laventan		10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene						Sarmatian							11.63
									Badenian							12.8 *
									Badenian					Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran		13.82
		Langhian												Friasian		15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene											Friasian		15.98
														Santacrucian		16.2 *
														Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
		Aquitanian												Colhuehuapian		20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan		20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene							Kekeamuan						27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene							Kekeamuan				Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Tinguirirican		33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Divisaderan		35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene							Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian												Mustersan		41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene								Bumbanian			Mustersan		47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene								Bumbanian			Casamayoran		47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene							Gashatan				Riochican		56
														Itaboraian		56.9 *
														Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene													61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene											Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian	303.7
				Khamovnikian	304.8
				Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian	307
				Podolskian	308.9 *
				Kashirian	311.4 *
				Vereian	313.8
				Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian	315.2
				Cheremshanian	316.9 *
				Prikamian	318.6 *
				Severokeltmian	319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
				Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian	323.2
				Protvian	324.4 *
				Steshevian	326.8 *
				Tarusian	329 *
		Visean		Venevian	330.9
				Mikhailovian	331.9 *
				Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Tulian	335.8 *
			Bobrikian	339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
		Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Datsonian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Payntonian			486.8 *
									Festiniogian	Payntonian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Iverian	Jiangshanian		489.5
					Aksaian								490.7 *
					Sakian								492.2 *
									Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian								Idamean	Paibian		494
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian			St Davids		Mindyallan	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
					Ayusokkanian					Boomerangian			499
					Mayan/Menevian					Boomerangian			499.5
		Drumian								Undillan	Drumian		500.5
		Drumian								Floran	Drumian		503
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan					Templetonian	Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan								Ordian	Wuliuan/Taijangian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai			Duyunian		509
					Toyonian	Lenian †							510 *
					Toyonian								510.8 *
					Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian						Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian						Nangaoian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian						Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian				Manykaian †							529
		Fortunian				Manykaian †					Jinnigian		530.7
																538.8