PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Precambrian Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene									0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene									2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									5.333
				Tortonian	Late Miocene									7.246
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene									11.63
				Langhian	Middle Miocene									13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene									15.98
				Aquitanian	Early Miocene									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene									41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene							Bumbanian		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Gashatan			56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene									59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene									61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian										208.5
				Carnian										227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
				Wordian										264.28
				Roadian										266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
				Artinskian										283.5
				Sakmarian										290.1
				Asselian					Bursumian †					293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian					298.9
				Kasimovian					Missourian					303.7
				Kasimovian					Desmoinesian					305.9 *
				Moscovian					Desmoinesian					307
Atokan				Moscovian		312.7 *
Atokan				Bashkirian		315.2
Morrowan				Bashkirian		318.4 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Chesterian		323.2
			Visean	Chesterian		330.9
				Meramecian		335.8 *
				Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean		346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian		Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
			Tremadocian			Ungurian	477.7
			Tremadocian			Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Batyrbaian	485.4
			Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian			Batyrbaian	489.5
						Aksaian			Aksaian	490.7 *
						Sakian			Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian							494
			Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian			Ayusokkanian	497
			Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian				499.5
			Drumian						Zhanaarykian	500.5
			Drumian						Tuesaian	503
			Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan			Tuesaian	504.5
			Wuliuan							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
			Toyonian			Lenian †	Toyonian		510 *
			Botomian				Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian				Botomian		514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian				Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian				Tommotian		521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
														635