PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of China		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian Subages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene														0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene														0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene														5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene														7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene														11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene														13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene														15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene														33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene														37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene														41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene														56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene														59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Oteke	Puaroan										145
		Kimmeridgian				Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan										150
							Heterian										154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan										164.3
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Toarcian				Herangi	Ururoan										176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan										184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran										188.9
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
		Norian					Warepan										208.5
							Otamitan										217
							Oretian										221
		Carnian					Oretian										227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan										227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan										237
		Ladinian					Etalian										238
		Anisian					Etalian										242
		Anisian					Malakovian										246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian										247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian										249
		Induan					Nelsonian										251.2
		Induan				DUrville	Makarewan										251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan										251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	Zechstein		Longtanian †	254.14
				Puruhauan				254.2
				Puruhauan				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	Severodvinian	Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian			Flettian	Urzhumian				264.28
		Wordian			Barettian	Urzhumian				266
		Roadian				Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
					Mangapirian			Irenian/Ufimian		276
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian		283.5
					Telfordian		Sarginian			285
							Irginian			285.9 *
							Burtsevian			287.8 *
							Burtsevian			288.5
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian				Asselian	Shikhanian			293.52
			Uskalykian				294.8
			Surenian				297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian						Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian			358.9
								Middle Famennian			365.3 *
								Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian			372.2
								Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
								Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian			382.7
								Middle Givetian			383.7 *
								Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian						Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian			410.8
								Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Niuchehean			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Paibian				494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Drumian		Wangcunian †		Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian				Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian				Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian					Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4							Duyunian						Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3							Nangaoian						Dyeran	514
															Montezuman	514.8 *
															Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian							530.7
																	538.8