PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean		Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian						Sheridanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									Rancholabrean						0.129
												Irvingtonian				Cudahyan/Sappan		0.21
										Ensenadan								0.3 *
															Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene															0.774
												Blancan				Senecan/Rexroadian		1.4
															Nukumaruan			1.63
										Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian																1.8
		Gelasian													Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							Vorohuean								2.58
										Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
															Waipipian			3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene												Waipipian			3.6
										Montehermosan					Opoitian			3.7 *
										Montehermosan		Hemphillian				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian		4.7
										Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene											Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian													Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
										Chasicoan								7.9 *
										Chasicoan		Clarendonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian		9.4
										Mayoan								9.9 *
										Laventan								10.9 *
														Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene															11.63
												Barstovian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian		12.5
															Lillburnian			13.05
										Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian																13.82
															Clifdenian			15.1
										Friasian					Clifdenian			15.4 *
														Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene															15.98
										Santacrucian								16.2 *
										Santacrucian		Hemingfordian				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian		16.3
										Colhuehuapian		Hemingfordian				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian		17.4 *
												Arikareean				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian	18.5
															Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian																20.44
										Deseadan								20.9 *
														Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene															23.03
																	Monroecreekian	23.1 *
																	Geringian	24.7 *
															Duntroonian			25.2
															Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene															27.82
										Tinguirirican								28.9 *
												Whitneyan						29.5
												Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene									Chadronian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian		33.9
														Arnold	Runangan			34.6
										Divisaderan					Runangan			35.9 *
															Kaiatan			36.7
												Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene															37.71
															Bortonian			39.1
				Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian				41.2
						Mustersan	41.9 *
							Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
								Heretaungan	45.7
				Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene						47.8
						Casamayoran			47.9 *
								Mangaorapan	48.9
				Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Mangaorapan	50.5
				Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Waipawan	52
				Clarkforkian				Waipawan	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian		Riochican		Teurian	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
				Tiffanian		Riochican			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
						Itaboraian				56.9 *
						Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian					To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene							61.6
						Tiupampan				62.4 *
				Puercan		Tiupampan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian	Lancian/Edmontonian		66
		Campanian						Haumurian	Judithian/Aquilan		72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
								Mangaotanean			90.5
								Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan			93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
								Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan			100.5
								Urutawan			103.3
							Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian						Korangan			113
		Aptian									117.5
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian										Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian									Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
											Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
											Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian									Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian									Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian									Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
		Wordian											264.28
		Roadian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian											283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian											307
		Bashkirian											315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian	Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian	Lockportian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
						Alexandrian			438.7 *
			Medinan		Clinton				440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian			Gamachian							443.8
		Katian				Gamachian							445.2
						Richmondian		446 *
						Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian					449.8 *
						Edenian							450.4 *
			Mohawkian			Chatfieldian							451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian							453
						Turinian	453.7 *
			Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor					457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †					Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean								477.7
						Stairsian								480.3 *
						Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian							485.4
																		487.5