PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of the Baltic	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								Tertiary †				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene												7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene												11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene												13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene												15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene												33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene												37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene												41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene												56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian													259.51
		Wordian													264.28
		Roadian													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian													293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian												Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian												Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian												Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani		433.4
		Telychian			Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	438.5		Adavere
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian				443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dobrotivian							458.5 *
			Oretanian							459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10								Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian								Iverian	489.5
		Paibian								Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Mindyallan	Series 3 †		497
		Guzhangian								Boomerangian			499
		Drumian								Undillan			500.5
		Drumian								Floran			503
		Wuliuan								Templetonian		Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan								Ordian		Stage 5 †	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4								Ordian			509
															510.8 *