PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cambrian of Siberia		Cretaceous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene												Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene												Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene													2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene												Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian		7.246
		Tortonian												Pannonian	Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene											Sarmatian	Clarendonian	11.63
														Sarmatian	Barstovian	12.5
														Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene													23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene													27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene												Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene												Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene												Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene												Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene												Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene												Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene												Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Senonian			66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Gallic			100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian											Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense		181.3 *
				Carlottense		182.3 *
				Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi		185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian					192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Wordian					Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian					Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian					Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian					Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian					Dorogomilovian	303.7
							Khamovnikian	304.8
							Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian					Myachkovian	307
							Podolskian	308.9 *
							Kashirian	311.4 *
							Vereian	313.8
							Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian					Melekessian	315.2
			Cheremshanian				316.9 *
			Prikamian				318.6 *
			Severokeltmian				319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian				321.2 *
			Voznesenian				321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian				323.2
			Protvian				324.4 *
			Steshevian				326.8 *
			Tarusian				329 *
		Visean	Venevian				330.9
			Mikhailovian				331.9 *
			Aleksinian				333.7 *
			Tulian				335.8 *
			Bobrikian				339.9 *
			Radaevkian				343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian				346.7
			Kizelian				350.7 *
			Cherepetian				351.9 *
			Karakubian				354.4 *
			Upinian				356.3 *
			Malevkian				357.6 *
			Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
				Dobrotivian				458.5 *
				Oretanian				459.7 *
					Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian			489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian			497
								Ayusokkanian			Arcadian	498.4
								Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian				500.5
		Wuliuan						Amgan/Solvan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Amgan/Solvan			Branchian	509
								Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
								Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian				514
								Atdabanian				515.6 *
								Atdabanian			Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian				521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian						Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
																538.8