PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of North America						European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene														0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene														0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene													Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian	Late Pliocene													Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene													Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian														Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian														Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene													Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian	Middle Miocene													Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene													Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian														Agenian	20
				Aquitanian														Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene														33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene														37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene														41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene														56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene														59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian						Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites									168.2
				Bajocian							Humphresianum								168.4
				Aalenian						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense								174.7
										Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons									180.1
										Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum									182
				Pliensbachian						Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni									184.2
				Sinemurian						Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi									192.9
				Hettangian						Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis									199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
				Carnian															227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
				Wordian															264.28
				Roadian															266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
				Artinskian															283.5
Sakmarian				290.1
Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian		Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian		Kralodvorian			Gamachian	Bohdalec †			445.2
					Kralodvorian			Richmondian				446 *
					Berounian			Richmondian				449.7 *
								Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian					450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
			Sandbian					Chatfieldian					453
								Turinian					453.7 *
								Turinian					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Whiterockian					Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Liben †							458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
					Dobrotivian											458.5 *
					Oretanian											459.7 *
									Sarka †							461.7 *
			Dapingian						Klabava †							467.3
					Arenigian											468
								Rangerian								469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian					Tulean									473.9 *
			Tremadocian		Tremadocian			Tulean			477.7
								Stairsian			480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †					482 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian								485.4
			Stage 10													487.5
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian														Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau	1000
		Stenian														Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian														Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian														Burzyan	1375
																			1400