PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian			0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene					Sheridanian			0.129
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene					Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
				Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								2.58
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene								3.6
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
				Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene								15.98
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								23.03
											Monroecreekian		23.1 *
											Geringian		24.7 *
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene						Geringian		27.82
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene								29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
				Priabonian	Late Eocene								37
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene								37.71
				Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
				Thanetian	Late Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene							To3/To2/To1	60.9
				Danian	Early Paleocene							To3/To2/To1	61.6
				Danian	Early Paleocene							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
				Sinemurian									192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju		Porkuni	443.8
			Katian			Pirgu	445.2
						Vormsi	449.6 *
					Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
				Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
					Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian		Keila	Idavere †	453
					Haljala		453.9
					Kukruse		456.4 *
					Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku		458.4
					Lasnamagi		458.9 *
					Aseri		460.4 *
				Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
					Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian		Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian		Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					470
						Latorp †		470.1 *
					Hunneberg			473.7 *
			Tremadocian		Hunneberg			477.7
					Varangu			481.3 *
					Pakerort			482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort			485.4
								486.3 *
								486.5
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					509
Stage 3		Series 2	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							538.8
		Cryogenian							635
		Tonian							720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							1000
		Ectasian							1200
		Calymmian							1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian							1600
		Orosirian							1800
		Rhyacian							2050
		Siderian							2300
Archean	Neoarchean								2500
	Mesoarchean								2800
	Paleoarchean								3200
	Eoarchean								3600
Hadean									4000
													4600