PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128235 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of China		South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of England	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian							0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							Lujanian							0.129
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							Ensenadan							0.3 *
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene							Ensenadan							0.774
				Calabrian								Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
				Gelasian								Sanandresian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							Vorohuean							2.58
				Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene							Chapadmalalan							3.6
												Montehermosan							3.7 *
												Huayquerian							4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene														5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
												Chasicoan							7.9 *
												Mayoan							9.9 *
												Laventan							10.9 *
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene							Laventan							11.63
				Serravallian								Colloncuran							13.7 *
				Langhian								Colloncuran							13.82
				Langhian								Friasian							15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene							Friasian							15.98
												Santacrucian							16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
				Aquitanian								Colhuehuapian							20.44
				Aquitanian								Deseadan							20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene														23.03
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene														27.82
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene							Tinguirirican							28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene							Tinguirirican							33.9
				Priabonian	Late Eocene							Divisaderan							35.9 *
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene														37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Lutetian								Mustersan							41.9 *
				Ypresian	Early Eocene							Mustersan							47.8
				Ypresian	Early Eocene							Casamayoran							47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene							Riochican							56
												Itaboraian							56.9 *
												Peligran							58.9 *
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene														59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene														61.6
				Danian	Early Paleocene							Tiupampan							62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Oteke	Puaroan	145
				Kimmeridgian													Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																	Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																		Heterian	154.5
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Callovian														Temaikan	164.3
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
Herangi				Toarcian		Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian			192.9
				Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
			Norian			Warepan	208.5
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
			Carnian			Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian			Etalian	238
			Anisian			Etalian	242
			Anisian			Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian	Vokhmian	247.2
			Olenekian			Nelsonian		249
			Induan			Nelsonian		251.2
			Induan	DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan		251.902
			Changhsingian			Waiitian		253.2
			Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
						Puruhauan		254.2
						Puruhauan		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Severodvinian	Aparima		Flettian	259.51
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Urzhumian			Flettian	264.28
			Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Urzhumian			Barettian	266
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
								Irenian/Ufimian	Mangapirian	276
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian			Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
								Sarginian	Telfordian	285
								Irginian		285.9 *
								Burtsevian		287.8 *
								Burtsevian		288.5
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian			Asselian		Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian			294.8
					Surenian			297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		393.3
			Pragian					Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian					Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Telychian								436.3 *
			Aeronian								438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju			Porkuni	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian								Pirgu	Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
											Pirgu	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
											Vormsi				449.6 *
											Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
								Viru			Rakvere					450.6 *
											Oandu					452 *
			Sandbian								Keila				Idavere †	453
											Haljala					453.9
											Kukruse					456.4 *
											Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
											Lasnamagi					458.9 *
Aseri											460.4 *
Oeland								Kunda			462.9 *
											Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
													Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
								Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian					Volkhov				Dapingian				467.3
			Dapingian					Billingen				Dapingian				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									Yiyangian				470
											Latorp †					470.1 *
								Hunneberg								473.7 *
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian								477.7
												Lianghekou †		477.9 *
								Varangu						481.3 *
								Pakerort						482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort						485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				509
		Series 2	Stage 3				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †		Poundian †					538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †		Wonokan †					571.7 *
																			635