PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of China		Permian of China	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene							MN 17						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							MN 16						2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							MN 15						3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene							MN 15						3.6
										MN 14						4.2
										MN 13						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene							MN 13						5.333
		Tortonian								MN 12						7.246
										MN 11						7.75
										MN 10						8.7
										MN 9						9.7
										MN 7 + 8						11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene							MN 7 + 8						11.63
		Serravallian								MN 6						12.8 *
		Langhian								MN 5						13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene							MN 4						15.98
										MN 3						16.9
										MN 2						20
		Aquitanian								MN 2						20.44
		Aquitanian								MN 1						22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene													33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene													37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene													41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene													56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Dorashamian					Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian						Dorashamian					Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Midian	Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian	Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian				283.5
					Longlinian	285.4 *
				Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Asselian	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju			Porkuni	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Pirgu		Gamachian	445.2
						Pirgu		Richmondian	446 *
						Vormsi		Richmondian	449.6 *
						Vormsi		Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
						Nabala		Maysvillian		Johvi †	450 *
						Nabala		Edenian			450.4 *
			Viru			Rakvere		Edenian			450.6 *
						Rakvere	Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
						Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian				Keila				Idavere †	453
						Keila		Turinian			453.7 *
						Haljala					453.9
						Kukruse					456.4 *
						Kukruse	Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
						Uhaku				Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku						458.4
						Lasnamagi						458.9 *
						Aseri						460.4 *
			Oeland			Kunda						462.9 *
						Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
						Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian											467.3
								Rangerian					469.1 *
						Billingen		Rangerian					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
										Latorp †				470.1 *
						Hunneberg								473.7 *
								Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean						477.7
								Stairsian						480.3 *
						Varangu		Stairsian						481.3 *
						Varangu		Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
						Pakerort							Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort				Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †				485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															487.5
		Jiangshanian								Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian								Paibian					494
		Paibian								Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian		Guzhangian	Arcadian						498.4
		Drumian		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian	Duyunian						509
		Stage 3		Branchian	Nangaoian						514
		Stage 3		Placentian	Nangaoian						517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian						530.7
																538.8