PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of the Baltic				Cambrian of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America	Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Cenozoic 6			0
				Northgrippian																		0.0042
				Greenlandian																		0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Lujanian							0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										Lujanian							0.129
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										Ensenadan							0.3 *
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										Ensenadan							0.774
				Calabrian											Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
				Gelasian											Sanandresian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Vorohuean							2.58
				Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene										Chapadmalalan							3.6
															Montehermosan							3.7 *
															Huayquerian							4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene																	5.333
				Tortonian																		7.246
															Chasicoan							7.9 *
															Mayoan							9.9 *
															Laventan							10.9 *
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene										Laventan				Cenozoic 5			11.63
				Serravallian											Colloncuran							13.7 *
				Langhian											Colloncuran							13.82
				Langhian											Friasian							15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene										Friasian							15.98
															Santacrucian							16.2 *
															Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
				Aquitanian											Colhuehuapian							20.44
				Aquitanian											Deseadan							20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene														Cenozoic 4			23.03
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene																	27.82
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene										Tinguirirican							28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene										Tinguirirican				Cenozoic 3			33.9
				Priabonian	Late Eocene										Divisaderan							35.9 *
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene																	37.71
				Lutetian															Cenozoic 2			41.2
				Lutetian											Mustersan							41.9 *
				Ypresian	Early Eocene										Mustersan							47.8
				Ypresian	Early Eocene										Casamayoran							47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene										Riochican				Cenozoic 1			56
															Itaboraian							56.9 *
															Peligran							58.9 *
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene																	59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene																	61.6
				Danian	Early Paleocene										Tiupampan							62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															Cretaceous 8			66
				Campanian															Cretaceous 7			72.1
				Santonian															Cretaceous 6			83.6
				Coniacian																		86.3
				Turonian																		89.8
				Cenomanian															Cretaceous 5			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															Cretaceous 4			100.5
				Aptian															Cretaceous 3			113
				Barremian															Cretaceous 2			121.4
				Hauterivian															Cretaceous 2			125.77
				Valanginian															Cretaceous 1			132.6
				Berriasian															Cretaceous 1			139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															Jurassic 6			145
				Kimmeridgian															Jurassic 5			149.2
				Oxfordian																		154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
				Bathonian															Jurassic 4			165.3
				Bajocian															Jurassic 4			168.2
				Aalenian															Jurassic 3			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															Jurassic 3			174.7
Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2		184.2
Sinemurian				Jurassic 1		192.9
Hettangian				Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian					425.6
			Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
			Telychian					436.3 *
			Aeronian					438.5
			Aeronian		Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Harju		Porkuni	Ordovician 5		Kosovian	443.8
			Katian		Rawtheyan			Pirgu			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Cautleyan								448.9 *
					Pusgillian								449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †					Vormsi	449.6 *
											Berounian		Vormsi	449.7 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru							Rakvere		450.6 *
					Cheneyan								Rakvere		451.5 *
					Cheneyan								Oandu		452 *
					Burrellian								Oandu		452.7 *
			Sandbian						Keila				Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
								Actonian †	Keila						453.2 *
								Actonian †	Haljala						453.9
								Marshbrookian †							Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †								455.2 *
																Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Kukruse									456.4 *
					Aurelucian													456.8 *
								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian										457.4 *
									Uhaku				Aluoja †					457.5 *
												Liben †						458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn									Ordovician 3				458.4
											Dobrotivian							458.5 *
									Lasnamagi		Dobrotivian							458.9 *
									Lasnamagi		Oretanian							459.7 *
									Aseri									460.4 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn													461.3 *
Sarka †																	461.7 *
						Oeland			Kunda								462.9 *
									Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
									Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
Dapingian			Ordovician 2											Klabava †				467.3
											Arenigian							468
				Arenig	Fennian													468.4 *
									Billingen									469.3 *
Early Ordovician		Floian																470
													Latorp †					470.1 *
					Whitlandian													471.1 *
					Whitlandian				Hunneberg									473.7 *
					Moridunian													474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian	Ordovician 1						Tremadocian							477.7
				Cressagian														480.8 *
									Varangu									481.3 *
									Pakerort									482.2 *
																		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Datsonian		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					Cambrian 5	485.4
																			486.3 *
																			486.5
											Payntonian								486.8 *
											Payntonian								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Iverian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Iverian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Idamean								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Mindyallan		Marjumian					Albertian †	Cambrian 4	497
		Guzhangian									Boomerangian									499
		Drumian									Undillan									500.5
		Drumian									Floran									503
		Wuliuan									Templetonian		Topazan						Cambrian 3	504.5
											Templetonian		Delamaran							506.5
							Ordian				507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4					Ordian				Waucoban †							509
																		510.8 *
													Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3								Cambrian 2			Dyeran					514
													Montezuman					514.8 *
													Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								Cambrian 1								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian								538.8
		Cryogenian																			635
		Tonian																			720
		Tonian											Karatau								800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau								1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian								1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian								1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan								1375
																						1400