PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene													7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene													11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene													13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene											MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene											MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene											MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene											MP 16		37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene											MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene											MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene											MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian								100.5
								Middle Albian								106.2 *
								Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian								113
		Aptian						Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian								139.8
								Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
								Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian								174.7
								Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
								Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian						Sevatian								208.5
								Alaunian								213.2 *
								Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian						Tuvalian								227
		Carnian						Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian								237
		Ladinian						Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian								242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
						Filipovian	276.5 *
						Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
						Irginian	285.9 *
						Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian	Tastubian		Sakmarian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian		Shikhanian	293.52
					Uskalykian	294.8
					Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Cautleyan			448.9 *
								Pusgillian			449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
								Streffordian	Berounian			449.7 *
								Cheneyan				451.5 *
								Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Aurelucian							456.8 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian								457.4 *
				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
										Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †				467.3
									Arenigian					468
				Arenig			Fennian							468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian							470
							Whitlandian							471.1 *
							Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc			Migneintian		Tremadocian					477.7
				Tremadoc			Cressagian							480.8 *
														485 *
																485.4