PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ammonite Chrons of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Britain	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene												Irvingtonian	Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene												Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Tertiary †										2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene														3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene												Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene														5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian													Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene												Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian													Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene														15.98
															Hemingfordian		16.3
															Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									Kekeamuan					27.82
															Whitneyan		29.5
															Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene										Bumbanian		Bridgerian		47.8
															Wasatchian		50.5
															Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene									Gashatan			Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene									Gashatan			Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene												Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene												Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian								Epizigzagiceras							168.2
		Bajocian								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
		Aalenian								Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense		181.3 *
				Carlottense		182.3 *
				Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi		185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian						192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras			196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan				Ohesaare		419.2
			Cayugan				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
			Niagaran				Kaugetuma		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Lockportian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Raikkula		439.4 *
			Medinan				Clinton				440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian											453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		458.4
		Darriwilian								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		461.3 *
		Dapingian		467.3						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian	470
					Whitlandian	471.1 *
					Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †		497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †		504.5
																	509