PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England		South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Lujanian									0.129
						Ensenadan									0.3 *
													Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										Castlecliffian		0.774
													Nukumaruan		1.63
						Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian													1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Vorohuean									2.58
						Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
													Waipipian		3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene										Waipipian		3.6
						Montehermosan							Opoitian		3.7 *
						Huayquerian							Opoitian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
						Chasicoan									7.9 *
						Mayoan									9.9 *
						Laventan									10.9 *
												Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene										Waiauan		11.63
													Lillburnian		13.05
						Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian													13.82
													Clifdenian		15.1
						Friasian							Clifdenian		15.4 *
												Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene												15.98
						Santacrucian									16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
													Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian													20.44
						Deseadan									20.9 *
												Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										Waitakian		23.03
													Duntroonian		25.2
													Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene												27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			Tinguirirican									28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene												33.9
												Arnold	Runangan		34.6
						Divisaderan							Runangan		35.9 *
													Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene										Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian													41.2
						Mustersan									41.9 *
												Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
													Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene												47.8
						Casamayoran									47.9 *
													Mangaorapan		48.9
													Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Riochican							Teurian		56
						Itaboraian									56.9 *
						Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene												61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene			Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian	Mata		Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara		Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean	90.5
								Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence		Ngaterian	95.2
								Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan	100.5
								Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko		Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec		Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Pragian						Pragian		Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Lochkovian		Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine				419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton				421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood				423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian		Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian	Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Telychian			436.3 *
		Aeronian			438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ungurian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian		485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian		489.5
					Aksaian	490.7 *
					Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian			Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
					Toyonian	510 *
					Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian	514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian	521
															525.5