PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian									Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
											Waipipian	Villanyian	3
												Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene										3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene							Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
												Vallesian	8.7
										Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene								Waiauan	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian									Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian		13.82
											Clifdenian		15.1
										Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								Altonian	Orleanian	15.98
											Otaian	Orleanian	18.7
												Agenian	20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								Waitakian		23.03
											Duntroonian		25.2
											Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene										33.9
										Arnold	Runangan		34.6
											Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene								Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian									Bortonian		41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
											Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene								Heretaungan		47.8
											Mangaorapan		48.9
											Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene								Teurian		56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian									Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
											Mangaotanean		90.5
											Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian									Arowhanan		93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
											Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Motuan		100.5
											Urutawan		103.3
										Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian									Korangan		113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill			Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan		445.2
						Cautleyan		448.9 *
						Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
						Pusgillian		449.3 *
			Caradoc			Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
						Cheneyan			451.5 *
						Cheneyan	Gisbornian		452 *
						Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
						Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
						Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Darriwilian	458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Darriwilian	461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Yapeenian	467.3
			Arenig	Fennian			Yapeenian	468.4 *
							Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian	470
				Whitlandian			Chewtonian	471.1 *
							Bendigonian	471.8 *
							Lancefieldian	473.5 *
				Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
				Cressagian				480.8 *
				Cressagian			Warendian	482.8 *
							Warendian	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Datsonian			485.4
		Stage 10					Payntonian			486.8 *
		Jiangshanian					Iverian			489.5
		Paibian					Idamean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Mindyallan			497
							Mindyallan			Arcadian	498.4
							Boomerangian				499
		Drumian					Undillan				500.5
		Drumian					Floran				503
		Wuliuan					Templetonian				504.5
		Wuliuan					Ordian				507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4					Ordian			Branchian	509
		Stage 4									510.8 *
		Stage 3									514
		Stage 3								Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8