PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of Germany	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene											Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene												3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene											Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene												15.98
														Hemingfordian	16.3
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene												23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene												27.82
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene											Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene											Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene											Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene											Bridgerian	47.8
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene											Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene											Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene											Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene											Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene											Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian				100.5
											Middle Albian				106.2 *
											Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian				113
		Aptian									Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian				139.8
											Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
											Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		Late Bajocian	168.2
						Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
						Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
							Late Toarcian	180.1
							Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Middle Toarcian	182
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian					Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian	227
		Carnian					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian	237
		Ladinian					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian						Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan						Dienerian	251.2
		Induan						Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Midian			259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Midian			264.28
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian						Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian						Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian						Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf			Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian			Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian				393.3
		Pragian						Siegen				407.6
		Pragian						Siegen			Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli										Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian											425.6
		Gorstian										Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian										Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian									Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Telychian										436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
		Aeronian									Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian									Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †		497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †				504.5
															509