PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of France	Silurian of North America		European Faunal Units	Permian of the Russian Platform		Devonian Subages	Precambrian of Russia	Carboniferous of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Villanyian						2.58
				Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Ruscinian						3.1 *
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Ruscinian						3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene				Turolian						5.333
				Tortonian					Turolian						7.246
				Tortonian					Vallesian						8.7
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene				Astaracian						11.63
				Langhian	Middle Miocene				Astaracian						13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene				Orleanian						15.98
				Burdigalian					Agenian						20
				Aquitanian					Agenian						20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene										33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene										37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene										41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene										56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene										59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian											72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
				Carnian											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
				Wuchiapingian											254.14
				Wuchiapingian						Tatarian	Vyatkian				256.8 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian							Severodvinian				259.51
				Wordian							Urzhumian				264.28
				Roadian						Kazanian	Povolzhian				266.9
				Roadian						Kazanian	Sokian				270.7 *
			Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian				273.01
											Filipovian				276.5 *
											Saraninian				280.1 *
Artinskian				Artinskian		Sarginian	283.5
						Irginian	285.9 *
						Burtsevian	287.8 *
Sakmarian				Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian	290.1
Sakmarian				Sakmarian		Tastubian	291.7 *
Asselian				Asselian		Shikhanian	Bursumian †	293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
			Visean				Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	Late Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
								Middle Famennian		365.3 *
								Early Famennian		368.5 *
			Frasnian		Frasnian		Late Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
							Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
							Early Frasnian		379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		Late Givetian	Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian		383.7 *
							Early Givetian		385.9 *
			Eifelian		Couvinien		Late Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian				Early Eifelian	Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	Emsian	393.3
			Emsian				Early Emsian	Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian				Pragian	Siegen	407.6
			Pragian		Coblencien		Pragian	Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine		Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
							Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
							Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian		Pridoli					Cayugan			419.2
		Pridoli					Niagaran			422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian								438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
			Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian									445.2
			Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		1000									Karatau
		Stenian		Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan		1375
															1400