PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of North America	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene									0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene									7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene									11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene									13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene									15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene									41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene							Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Gashatan			56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian				66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic				100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian						Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Tatarian	Vyatkian					256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Severodvinian					259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Povolzhian					266.9
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Sokian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian					273.01
							Filipovian					276.5 *
							Saraninian					280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian					283.5
							Irginian					285.9 *
							Burtsevian					287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian		Bursumian †		Asselian	Shikhanian				293.52
							Uskalykian				294.8
							Surenian				297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian							298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian							303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian							305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian							307
		Moscovian		Atokan							312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan							315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan							318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian							323.2
		Visean		Chesterian							330.9
				Meramecian							335.8 *
				Osagean							343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean							346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian							351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian	Siegen						407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8