PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene										3.6
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene										5.333
				Tortonian	Late Miocene										7.246
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene										11.63
				Langhian	Middle Miocene										13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene										15.98
				Aquitanian	Early Miocene										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene								Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene										41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene									Bumbanian	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene								Gashatan		56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene										59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian								66
				Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
				Norian											208.5
				Carnian											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
				Wordian											264.28
				Roadian											266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
				Artinskian											283.5
				Sakmarian											290.1
				Asselian		Bursumian †									293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian									298.9
				Kasimovian		Missourian									303.7
				Kasimovian		Desmoinesian									305.9 *
				Moscovian		Desmoinesian									307
Atokan				Moscovian		312.7 *
Atokan				Bashkirian		315.2
Morrowan				Bashkirian		318.4 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Chesterian		323.2
			Visean	Chesterian		330.9
				Meramecian		335.8 *
				Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean		346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian		393.3
			Pragian			Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian		Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni		443.8
			Katian				Pirgu		445.2
							Vormsi		449.6 *
							Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
							Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian				Keila		Idavere †	453
							Haljala			453.9
							Kukruse			456.4 *
							Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku			458.4
							Lasnamagi			458.9 *
							Aseri			460.4 *
						Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
							Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian				Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian				Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian								470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
	Hunneberg						473.7 *
	Hunneberg		Tremadocian				477.7
	Varangu						481.3 *
	Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Pakerort	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
											Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian								Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian		Albertian †	497
			Drumian						Marjumian			500.5
			Wuliuan						Topazan			504.5
			Wuliuan						Delamaran			506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4						Dyeran			511 *
			Stage 3						Dyeran			514
									Montezuman			514.8 *
									Begadean			519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
															635