PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China		Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of the Baltic			Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											Sheridanian				0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene											Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian												Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene															3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene											Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene															5.333
		Tortonian															Pannonian	7.246
		Tortonian												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Pannonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene						Cenozoic 5					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Sarmatian	11.63
														late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian	12.5
																	Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene															15.98
														Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
														late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						Cenozoic 4									23.03
															Monroecreekian			23.1 *
															Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene												Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene															29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene						Cenozoic 3					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene															37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene															37.71
		Bartonian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2					Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
														Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
																Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Cenozoic 1							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene													To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene													To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene													Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian				Cretaceous 4									100.5
					Middle Albian													106.2 *
					Early Albian													109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian				Cretaceous 3									113
		Aptian			Early Aptian				Cretaceous 3									119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian				Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian													139.8
					Middle Berriasian													140.6 *
					Early Berriasian													142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6									145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5									149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian													152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian		Triassic 3	227
		Carnian		Julian		Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian				Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian				Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †		Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †			303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian						Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian						Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
					Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Keila				Idavere †	453
					Haljala					453.9
					Kukruse					456.4 *
					Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Uhaku					458.4
					Lasnamagi					458.9 *
					Aseri					460.4 *
					Oeland			Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
								Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean					Pakerort	Taoyuanian †		Cambrian 5	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian	Paibian									494
		Paibian	Paibian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian						Wangcunian †		Cambrian 4	Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Drumian						Wangcunian †		Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian				Cambrian 3		Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian				Cambrian 3					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian				Cambrian 2					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian				Cambrian 2					521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian				Cambrian 1					529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian				Cambrian 1					530.7
																		538.8