PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Permian of the Salt Range	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Nihewanian			Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian											Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian											Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene							Yushean		Tertiary †	Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene										Chapadmalalan				3.6
													Montehermosan				3.7 *
										Baodean			Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene														5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
													Chasicoan				7.9 *
													Mayoan				9.9 *
													Laventan				10.9 *
										Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene														11.63
		Serravallian											Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian								Shanwangian			Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian											Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene										Friasian				15.98
													Santacrucian				16.2 *
										Xiejiaan			Santacrucian				16.9
													Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian											Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian											Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene														23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene														27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene										Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene										Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene										Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene														37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Lutetian											Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene										Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene										Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene										Riochican				56
													Itaboraian				56.9 *
													Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene														59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene														61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene										Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian													Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
															Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Callovian														Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Herangi	Ururoan	176
				Planulata			179.3 *
				Planulata			Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense				181.3 *
				Carlottense				182.3 *
				Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae				184.2
				Freboldi				185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Aratauran			188.9
									189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian					Warepan		208.5
							Otamitan		217
							Oretian		221
		Carnian					Oretian		227
		Carnian				Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian					Etalian		238
		Anisian					Etalian		242
		Anisian					Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian		249
		Induan					Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai				251.902
										252.4 *
						Chhidru				252.9 *
									Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian							Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
									Puruhauan		254.2
						Kalabagh					255 *
						Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian									264.28
						265.3 *
						Barettian				266
			Amb							266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb							266.9
		Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian				276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian				283.5
						Telfordian				285
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
		Asselian								Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Kuzel	298.9
										Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian									Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian									Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian									Cantabrian	307
										Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
											Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian									Westphalian B	315.2
											Westphalian A	317 *
										Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
											Marsdenian	320.2 *
											Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
											Alportian	322 *
											Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									Chokierian	323.2
											Arnsbergian	324 *
											Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean								Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
										Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
										Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian								Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian								Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian	489.5
				Aksaian	490.7 *
				Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian		Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †		497
		Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian	Stage 5 †			504.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †			505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
			Toyonian				510 *
			Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian			521
																	525.5