PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian Subages	Cretaceous Subepochs	Carboniferous of North America	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Salt Range
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene									0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene									7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene									11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene									13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene									15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene									41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene							Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene						Gashatan			56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Senonian					66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic					100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian					125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
		Induan										251.2
		Induan									Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian							Kathwai	251.902
												252.4 *
											Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian									Chhidru	254.14
											Kalabagh	255 *
											Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian										264.28
				Noginskian								264.9 *
												265.3 *
											Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian									Amb	266.9
		Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian		Missourian		303.7
				Khamovnikian				304.8
				Krevyakinian				305.8 *
				Krevyakinian		Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian		Myachkovian				307
				Podolskian				308.9 *
				Kashirian				311.4 *
				Kashirian		Atokan		312.7 *
				Vereian				313.8
				Melekessian				314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian				315.2
				Cheremshanian				316.9 *
				Cheremshanian		Morrowan		318.4 *
			Prikamian	318.6 *
			Severokeltmian	319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
			Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian	Chesterian		323.2
			Protvian			324.4 *
			Steshevian			326.8 *
			Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Venevian			330.9
			Mikhailovian			331.9 *
			Aleksinian			333.7 *
			Tulian	Meramecian		335.8 *
			Bobrikian	Meramecian		339.9 *
			Bobrikian	Osagean		343.1 *
			Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian			346.7
			Kizelian			350.7 *
			Cherepetian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
			Karakubian			354.4 *
			Upinian			356.3 *
			Malevkian			357.6 *
			Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian			358.9
				Middle Famennian			365.3 *
				Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian			372.2
				Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
				Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian			382.7
				Middle Givetian			383.7 *
				Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian			410.8
				Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			425.6		Paadla
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani		433.4
		Telychian			Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4					Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran			514
							Montezuman			514.8 *
							Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
							Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8