PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Permian of the Pamirs	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Devonian Subages	Permian of the Russian Platform
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene				Castlecliffian								0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene				Castlecliffian								0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Mangapanian								2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Waipipian								3
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Waipipian								3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Opoitian								3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene			Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian					Tongaporutuan		Pannonian						7.246
		Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan		Pannonian						11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene						Sarmatian						11.63
									Badenian						12.8 *
							Lillburnian		Badenian						13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian								13.82
							Clifdenian								15.1
						Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene				Altonian								15.98
		Burdigalian					Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian								20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene				Waitakian				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25			23.03
							Duntroonian								25.2
							Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene								MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene								MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A				33.9
						Arnold	Runangan								34.6
							Kaiatan								36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene				Kaiatan				MP 16				37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian				MP 16				39.1
		Lutetian					Bortonian				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11				41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
							Heretaungan								45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene				Heretaungan				MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				47.8
							Mangaorapan								48.9
							Waipawan								52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Teurian				MP 6	MP 1 - 5			56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian	Lancian/Edmontonian							66
		Campanian					Haumurian	Judithian/Aquilan							72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan								83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
							Mangaotanean								90.5
							Arowhanan								93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan								93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian								95.2
							Motuan								99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan								100.5
							Urutawan								103.3
						Taitai	Korangan								108.4
		Aptian					Korangan								113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian	Tatarian			Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian				Midian	Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian			Wordian				Midian	Urzhumian			264.28
		Wordian			Wordian				Murgabian	Urzhumian			266.2 *
		Roadian			Roadian	Kazanian				Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian			Roadian	Kazanian				Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian			Kubergandian	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
									Kubergandian				Filipovian	276.5 *
									Bolorian				Filipovian	279.8
													Saraninian	280.1 *
						Hessian							Saraninian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								Artinskian			Sarginian	283.5
													Irginian	285.9 *
									Yakhtashian					286
					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian								286.1 *
													Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian				Nealian			Asselian	Asselian			Shikhanian	293.52
													Uskalykian	294.8
													Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian					358.9
			Middle Famennian					365.3 *
			Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian					372.2
			Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
			Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian					382.7
			Middle Givetian					383.7 *
			Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian					387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian					390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian				410.8
			Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
															419.2