PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of North America		Permian of the Russian Platform		Silurian of North America			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Eastern North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian						0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								Sheridanian						0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian									Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene														2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene														3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene														5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene														15.98
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
											late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene														23.03
												Monroecreekian					23.1 *
												Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									Geringian					27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene														29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene														37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene														37.71
		Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
											Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene										To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene										To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian		Severodvinian	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian		Wordian		Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian		Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian		Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
								Filipovian	276.5 *
								Saraninian	280.1 *
					Hessian			Saraninian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian	283.5
							Irginian		285.9 *
				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		Irginian		286.1 *
							Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian			Nealian	Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
							Uskalykian		294.8
							Surenian		297.5
							Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	Kuzel			298.9
									Stephanian			Stephanian C		300.3 *
												Stephanian B		300.9 *
												Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian										Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian										Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian			307	Cantabrian
									Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
											Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian			Westphalian B	315.2
											Westphalian A	317 *
									Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
			Marsdenian								320.2 *
			Kinderscoutian								321.5 *
			Alportian								322 *
			Chokierian								323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chokierian					Late Mississippian			323.2
			Arnsbergian								324 *
			Pendleian								327.4 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian					Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
								Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
								Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian					Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian					Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						West Fallsian/Sonyean				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Southwoodian				Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian											407.6
		Lochkovian											410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli											Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian												423
	Ludlow	Gorstian												425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian												Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian													430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian												Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian													438.5
															Alexandrian	438.7 *
												Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
																440.7 *
		Rhuddanian														440.8
																	443.8