PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units	Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene									Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian										Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene					Villanyian							2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene					Ruscinian							3.1 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene												3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene					Turolian							5.333
		Tortonian						Turolian							7.246
								Vallesian							8.7
								Vallesian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene					Astaracian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene					Orleanian							15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
								Agenian							20
		Aquitanian						Agenian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene												23.03
													Monroecreekian		23.1 *
													Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene										Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene												37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene												37.71
		Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene											To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene											To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene											Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Senonian						66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian			Gallic						100.5
						Middle Albian									106.2 *
						Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian									113
		Aptian				Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian									139.8
						Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
						Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Oteke	Puaroan				145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
						Late Kimmeridgian				Kawhia	Ohauan				150
						Early Kimmeridgian					Ohauan				152.2 *
				Heterian	154.5	Early Kimmeridgian
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
				Herangi	Late Toarcian		Ururoan			176
					Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
					Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Aratauran			188.9
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour		Otapirian			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			Warepan			208.5
				Alaunian						213.2 *
				Lacian						216.7 *
							Otamitan			217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian		Tuvalian			Oretian	227
				Tuvalian	Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian				237
				Longobardian			Etalian	238
				Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
				Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian				247.2
				Smithian				248.9 *
				Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Dienerian				251.2
				Griesbachian				251.4 *
				Griesbachian	DUrville		Makarewan	Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai		251.902
										252.4 *
			Chhidru					252.9 *
							Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	254.14
							Puruhauan	254.2
			Kalabagh					255 *
			Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian			Wordian					264.28
										265.3 *
								Barettian		266
			Amb							266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb		Roadian					266.9
		Roadian			Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
								Mangapirian		Cathedralian	276
										Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									283.5
								Telfordian	285
					Wolfcampian			Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
										288.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Dalaun				305.8 *
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
						Huashibanian				318.5 *
						Lousuan				321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Dewunian				323.2
		Serpukhovian				Shangsian				330.8 *
		Visean				Shangsian				330.9
		Visean				Jiusian				335 *
		Tournaisian				Tangbagouan				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian						Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran						Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran							514
				Montezuman							514.8 *
				Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
															538.8