PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene		Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								15.98
					Hemingfordian						16.3
					Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene								27.82
					Whitneyan						29.5
					Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene		Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Bridgerian						47.8
					Wasatchian						50.5
					Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan			259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian			264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian			273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian			283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian			285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian			290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
							Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
							Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *			Lockportian
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu					430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani		Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian				438.5
						Alexandrian		438.7 *
			Raikkula					439.4 *
					Medinan		Clinton	440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian	489.5
								Aksaian	490.7 *
								Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian						Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan						Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
								Toyonian	510 *
								Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian	514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian	521
											525.5