PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	Devonian of France	Permian Subages of Germany	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Nihewanian			0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene							0.129
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene							0.774
				Gelasian	Early Pleistocene							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Yushean			2.58
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Yushean			3.6
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Baodean			4.9
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene							5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
				Tortonian					Tunggurian			11.1
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene				Tunggurian			11.63
				Langhian	Middle Miocene				Shanwangian			13.82
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene				Shanwangian			15.98
				Burdigalian					Xiejiaan			16.9
				Aquitanian					Xiejiaan			20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene							23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene							27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene							33.9
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene							37.71
				Lutetian	Middle Eocene							41.2
				Ypresian	Early Eocene							47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene							56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene							59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene							61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian	66
				Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
				Norian								208.5
				Carnian								227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian		Buntsandstein		Melekhovian		251.902
				Changhsingian		Baoqingian						253.4 *
				Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian						254.14
				Wuchiapingian		Laibinian						257.7 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan		Ohre/Aller				259.51
				Wordian		Kuhfengian		Leine				264.28
				Wordian				Leine		Noginskian		264.9 *
Roadian							266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian			Luodianian	273.01
			Kungurian				Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Artinskian					283.5
						Longlinian		285.4 *
							Rusavkinian	287.6 *
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian			Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian		298.9
			Gzhelian					300.1
			Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian	303.7
							Khamovnikian	304.8
							Krevyakinian	305.8 *
			Moscovian				Myachkovian	307
							Podolskian	308.9 *
							Kashirian	311.4 *
							Vereian	313.8
							Melekessian	314.8
			Bashkirian				Melekessian	315.2
							Cheremshanian	316.9 *
							Prikamian	318.6 *
							Severokeltmian	319.9 *
							Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
							Voznesenian	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Zapaltjubian	323.2
							Protvian	324.4 *
							Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian		329 *
			Visean		Venevian		330.9
					Mikhailovian		331.9 *
					Aleksinian		333.7 *
					Tulian		335.8 *
					Bobrikian		339.9 *
					Radaevkian		343.4 *
			Tournaisian		Kosvian		346.7
					Kizelian		350.7 *
					Cherepetian		351.9 *
					Karakubian		354.4 *
					Upinian		356.3 *
					Malevkian		357.6 *
					Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Pragian		Coblencien			408.2 *
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				538.8
		Cryogenian				635
		Tonian				720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				1000
		Ectasian				1200
		Calymmian				1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian				1600
		Orosirian				1800
		Rhyacian				2050
		Siderian				2300
Archean	Neoarchean					2500
	Mesoarchean					2800
	Paleoarchean					3200
	Eoarchean					3600
Hadean						4000
												4600