PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of China	Permian of the Salt Range	Silurian Ages of Europe	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene				Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian					Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene				Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene				Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene				Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian					Agenian	20
		Aquitanian					Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Induan						251.2
		Induan			Kathwai			251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	Kathwai			251.902
								252.4 *
					Chhidru			252.9 *
				Baoqingian				253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian				254.14
					Kalabagh			255 *
					Wargal			256 *
				Laibinian				257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan				259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian		264.28
						265.3 *
					Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb	266.9
		Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian			427.4
	Wenlock	Homerian	Whitwellian			429.7 *
								430.5