PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe	Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of China	Devonian of Germany	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Silurian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene													7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene													11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene													13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene													33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene													37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene													41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene													56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian								Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian								Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
										Planulata						179.3 *
										Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
										Kanense						181.3 *
										Carlottense						182.3 *
										Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian								Kunae						184.2
										Freboldi						185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras					189.2 *
										Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
		Sinemurian														192.9
										Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
										Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian								Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian									251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian	Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian			Virgilian		300.1
		Kasimovian			Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		323.2
		Visean			Chesterian		330.9
			Meramecian		335.8 *
			Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	Ohesaare				419.2
								Cayugan	Kaugetuma				421.7 *
								Niagaran	Kaugetuma				422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian							Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Lockportian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian											Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian											Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian											Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian												438.5
														Alexandrian	438.7 *
													Raikkula		439.4 *
								Medinan	Clinton						440.1 *
															440.7 *
		Rhuddanian													440.8
		Rhuddanian											Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian													443.8
		Katian													445.2
		Sandbian													453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
																538.8