PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe	Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene				MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				MN 16				2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene				MN 15				3.6
							MN 14				4.2
							MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene				MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian					MN 12				7.246
							MN 11				7.75
							MN 10				8.7
							MN 9				9.7
							MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene				MN 7 + 8				11.63
		Serravallian					MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian					MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene				MN 4				15.98
							MN 3				16.9
							MN 2				20
		Aquitanian					MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian					MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian			Bursumian †	Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	Kuzel		298.9
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Missourian			Stephanian A	303.7
					Missourian			Cantabrian	305 *
					Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian							307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
					Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
					Morrowan			Westphalian A	318.4 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian		Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
			Meramecian		335.8 *	Warnantian	Brigantian †
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Osagean		Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean		Ivorian		346.7
			Kinderhookian		Ivorian		351.9 *
			Kinderhookian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3		514				Dyeran
				Montezuman				514.8 *
				Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8