PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128366 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe	Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Britain				Central Paratethys Stages	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of North America		Permian of the Salt Range
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene														0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene														0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene														5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene									Pannonian					7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene									Sarmatian					11.63
		Serravallian										Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene														15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene														33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene														37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene														41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene														56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene														59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian										66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
		Induan															251.2
		Induan														Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											Buntsandstein			Kathwai	251.902
																	252.4 *
																Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Zechstein												Chhidru	254.14
																Kalabagh	255 *
																Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	Capitanian								Ohre/Aller				259.51
		Wordian			Wordian								Leine				264.28
																	265.3 *
																Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			Roadian											Amb	266.9
		Roadian			Roadian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian		Autunian				Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma						421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare						423
		Ludfordian	Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				433.4
		Telychian	Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill				Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan			445.2
							Cautleyan			448.9 *
							Pusgillian			449.3 *
			Caradoc				Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan				451.5 *
							Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian			Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig				Fennian					468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian					470
							Whitlandian					471.1 *
							Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc				Migneintian					477.7
			Tremadoc				Cressagian					480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											494	Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Marjumian						Albertian †	497
		Drumian				Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan				Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran						Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran							514
				Montezuman	514.8 *
				Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																	538.8