PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6					0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian							0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene			Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene			Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Vorohuean							2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene			Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene			Chapadmalalan							3.6
						Montehermosan							3.7 *
						Huayquerian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
						Chasicoan							7.9 *
						Mayoan							9.9 *
						Laventan							10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene			Laventan		Cenozoic 5					11.63
		Serravallian				Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran							13.82
		Langhian				Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene			Friasian							15.98
						Santacrucian							16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene					Cenozoic 4					23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene										27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene			Tinguirirican		Cenozoic 3					33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene			Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2					41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene			Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene			Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Riochican		Cenozoic 1					56
						Itaboraian							56.9 *
						Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene										61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene			Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8					66
		Campanian						Cretaceous 7					72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6					83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4					100.5
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3					113
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2					121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2					125.77
		Valanginian						Cretaceous 1					132.6
		Berriasian						Cretaceous 1					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6					145
		Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5					149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian						Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian						Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian						Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Jurassic 3					174.7
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian		Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian	Triassic 1			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian	Triassic 1			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian			Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian			Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Silurian 2		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1				433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Bolindian		Ordovician 5		Kosovian		443.8
		Katian	Bolindian				Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
			Eastonian				Kralodvorian			449 *
			Eastonian				Berounian			449.7 *
			Gisbornian							452 *
		Sandbian			Ordovician 4					453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3							458.4
							Dobrotivian					458.5 *
							Oretanian					459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Yapeenian		Ordovician 2				Klabava †			467.3
			Yapeenian				Arenigian					468
			Castlemainian									468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian									470
			Bendigonian									471.8 *
			Lancefieldian									473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Lancefieldian		Ordovician 1		Tremadocian					477.7
		Tremadocian	Warendian		Ordovician 1		Tremadocian					482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5							485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1							529
													538.8