PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
													Waipipian	Villanyian	3
														Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene												3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene										Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene									Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
														Vallesian	8.7
												Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene										Waiauan	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian		13.82
													Clifdenian		15.1
												Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene										Altonian	Orleanian	15.98
													Otaian	Orleanian	18.7
														Agenian	20
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										Waitakian		23.03
													Duntroonian		25.2
													Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene												33.9
												Arnold	Runangan		34.6
													Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene										Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian		41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
													Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian	Early Eocene										Heretaungan		47.8
													Mangaorapan		48.9
													Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene										Teurian		56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian											Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian											Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
													Mangaotanean		90.5
													Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian											Arowhanan		93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
													Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Motuan		100.5
													Urutawan		103.3
												Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian											Korangan		113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare					419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma					421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare					423
		Ludfordian	Paadla					423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula					427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu					429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu					430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani					433.4
		Telychian	Adavere					434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere					438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan		445.2
									Cautleyan		448.9 *
									Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
									Pusgillian		449.3 *
				Caradoc				Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
								Cheneyan			451.5 *
								Cheneyan		Gisbornian	452 *
								Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
									Actonian †		453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †			455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
						Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Aurelucian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				Darriwilian	458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Darriwilian	461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Yapeenian	467.3
				Arenig		Fennian				Yapeenian	468.4 *
					Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian					470
					Chewtonian	Whitlandian				471.1 *
					Bendigonian					471.8 *
					Lancefieldian					473.5 *
						Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc		Migneintian				477.7
						Cressagian				480.8 *
					Warendian	Cressagian				482.8 *
					Warendian					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian			498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Branchian			509
		Stage 3					Branchian			514
		Stage 3					Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
															538.8