PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Pamirs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								Villanyian			2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								Ruscinian			3.1 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene											3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								Turolian			5.333
		Tortonian									Turolian			7.246
											Vallesian			8.7
					Clarendonian						Vallesian			9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene		Clarendonian						Astaracian			11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								Orleanian			15.98
					Hemingfordian									16.3
					Arikareean									18.5
											Agenian			20
		Aquitanian									Agenian			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene											23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene											27.82
					Whitneyan									29.5
					Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene		Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Bridgerian									47.8
					Wasatchian									50.5
					Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian										Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan	150
													Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi		Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
		Norian				Warepan	208.5
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian				Oretian	227
		Carnian		Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian				Etalian	238
		Anisian				Etalian	242
		Anisian				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville		Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Dorashamian	Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	Dorashamian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Dzhulfian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	Dzhulfian		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian		Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian							264.28
								Noginskian	264.9 *
							Barettian		266
				Murgabian					266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian					273.01
							Mangapirian		276
								Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
				Bolorian					279.8
		Artinskian							283.5
							Telfordian		285
				Yakhtashian					286
								Rusavkinian	287.6 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian		303.7
			Khamovnikian		304.8
			Krevyakinian		305.8 *
			Krevyakinian					305.9
		Moscovian	Myachkovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Podolskian						308.9 *
			Kashirian						311.4 *
			Vereian						313.8
			Melekessian						314.8
		Bashkirian	Melekessian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Cheremshanian						316.9 *
			Prikamian						318.6 *
			Severokeltmian						319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian						321.2 *
			Voznesenian						321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian					Late Mississippian	323.2
			Protvian						324.4 *
			Steshevian						326.8 *
			Tarusian						329 *
		Visean	Venevian					Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Mikhailovian						331.9 *
			Aleksinian						333.7 *
			Tulian						335.8 *
			Bobrikian						339.9 *
			Radaevkian						343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian					Early Mississippian	346.7
			Kizelian						350.7 *
			Cherepetian						351.9 *
			Karakubian						354.4 *
			Upinian						356.3 *
			Malevkian						357.6 *
			Gumerovian						358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10								Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							St Davids		497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai	509
	Series 2	Stage 3		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
														538.8