International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
  • J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
  • M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
  • J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
  • J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleCenozoic SubepochsPermian of the Russian PlatformDevonian SubagesNorth American Mammal Subages/ZonesMammal Paleogene ZonesPermian of Western EuropeCretaceous-Cenozoic of New ZealandCretaceous North American Land-Mammal AgesDevonian of Eastern North America
QuaternaryHoloceneMeghalayanWanganuiHaweran0
Northgrippian0.0042
Greenlandian0.0082
PleistoceneLate PleistoceneLate PleistoceneSheridanian0.0117
ChibanianMiddle Pleistocene0.129
Cudahyan/Sappan0.21
Castlecliffian0.34
CalabrianEarly Pleistocene0.774
Senecan/Rexroadian1.4
Nukumaruan1.63
Gelasian1.8
Mangapanian2.4
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianLate Pliocene2.58
Waipipian3
ZancleanEarly Pliocene3.6
Opoitian3.7
Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian4.7
MioceneMessinianLate MioceneTaranakiKapitean5.333
Tongaporutuan7.2
Tortonian7.246
Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian9.4
SouthlandWaiauan11.04
SerravallianMiddle Miocene11.63
late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian12.5
Lillburnian13.05
Langhian13.82
Clifdenian15.1
PareoraAltonian15.9
BurdigalianEarly Miocene15.98
Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian16.3
late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early ArikareeanHarrisonian18.5
Otaian18.7
Aquitanian20.44
LandonWaitakian21.7
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianLate OligoceneMP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26MP 2523.03
Monroecreekian23.1 *
Geringian24.7 *
Duntroonian25.2
Whaingaroan27.3
RupelianEarly OligoceneMP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 2127.82
29.5
EocenePriabonianLate EoceneLate Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early ChadronianMP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A33.9
ArnoldRunangan34.6
Kaiatan36.7
37
BartonianMiddle EoceneMP 1637.71
Bortonian39.1
Late Uintan/Early Uintan39.7
LutetianMP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 1141.2
DannevirkePorangan42.6
Heretaungan45.7
Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian46.2
YpresianEarly EoceneMP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 747.8
Mangaorapan48.9
Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean50.5
Waipawan52
Cf3/Cf2/Cf154.9
PaleoceneThanetianLate PaleoceneMP 6MP 1 - 5Teurian56
Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti156.2
SelandianMiddle Paleocene59.2
To3/To2/To160.9
DanianEarly Paleocene61.6
Pu3/Pu2/Pu163.8
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtianMataHaumurianLancian/Edmontonian66
CampanianJudithian/Aquilan72.1
SantonianPiripauan83.6
RaukumaraTeratan86.1
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
Mangaotanean90.5
Arowhanan93.7
Cenomanian93.9
ClarenceNgaterian95.2
Motuan99.5
Early CretaceousAlbian100.5
Urutawan103.3
TaitaiKorangan108.4
Aptian113
117.5
Barremian121.4
Hauterivian125.77
Valanginian132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonian145
Kimmeridgian149.2
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
Bathonian165.3
Bajocian168.2
Aalenian170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
Pliensbachian184.2
Sinemurian192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetian201.4
Norian208.5
Carnian227
Middle TriassicLadinian237
Anisian242
Early TriassicOlenekian247.2
Induan251.2
PermianLopingianChanghsingian251.902
WuchiapingianZechstein254.14
TatarianVyatkian256.8 *
GuadalupianCapitanianSeverodvinianRotliegendes259.51
WordianUrzhumian264.28
RoadianKazanianPovolzhian266.9
Sokian270.7 *
CisuralianKungurianKungurianIrenian/Ufimian273.01
Filipovian276.5 *
Saraninian280.1 *
ArtinskianArtinskianSarginianAutunian283.5
Irginian285.9 *
Burtsevian287.8 *
SakmarianSakmarianSterlitamakian290.1
Tastubian291.7 *
AsselianAsselianShikhanian293.52
Uskalykian294.8
Surenian297.5
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelian298.9
Kasimovian303.7
Moscovian307
Bashkirian315.2
MississippianSerpukhovian323.2
Visean330.9
Tournaisian346.7
DevonianLate DevonianFamennianLate FamennianConewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway358.9
Middle Famennian365.3 *
Early Famennian368.5 *
FrasnianLate FrasnianWest Fallsian/Sonyean372.2
Middle Frasnian375.4 *
Early Frasnian379.3 *
Middle DevonianGivetianLate GivetianGeneseean/Taghanican/TioughnioganCazenovian382.7
Middle Givetian383.7 *
Early Givetian385.9 *
EifelianLate EifelianSouthwoodian387.7
Early Eifelian390.3 *
Early DevonianEmsianLate EmsianSawkillian/Deer ParkianHelderbergian393.3
Early Emsian398.3 *
PragianPragian407.6
LochkovianLate Lochkovian410.8
Middle Lochkovian412.8 *
Early Lochkovian415.6 *
419.2