PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Britain			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene									Irvingtonian	Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene									Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene											2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene											3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene									Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene											5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene									Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene											15.98
												Hemingfordian		16.3
												Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan							27.82
												Whitneyan		29.5
												Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene					Bumbanian				Bridgerian		47.8
												Wasatchian		50.5
												Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Gashatan					Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Gashatan					Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene									Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene									Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene									Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense		181.3 *
				Carlottense		182.3 *
				Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi		185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras			186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras			189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis			190.3 *
		Sinemurian							192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras				196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian	Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				433.4
		Telychian	Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill				Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan		445.2
							Cautleyan		448.9 *
							Pusgillian		449.3 *
			Caradoc				Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan			451.5 *
							Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig				Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470	Fennian
						Whitlandian	471.1 *
				Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
														485 *