PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Carboniferous Subepochs	Ten Million Year Bins	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Cenozoic 6			0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								Yushean		2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								Yushean		3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian									Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene							Cenozoic 5	Tunggurian		11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene								Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								Shanwangian		15.98
		Burdigalian									Xiejiaan		16.9
		Aquitanian									Xiejiaan		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		Cenozoic 4			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25		Cenozoic 4			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Cenozoic 3			33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene				MP 16			Cenozoic 3			37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			Cenozoic 2			41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene				MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			Cenozoic 2			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Cenozoic 1			56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Cretaceous 8			66
		Campanian								Cretaceous 7			72.1
		Santonian								Cretaceous 6			83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian								Cretaceous 5			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Cretaceous 4			100.5
		Aptian								Cretaceous 3			113
		Barremian								Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian								Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian								Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian								Cretaceous 1			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Jurassic 6			145
		Kimmeridgian								Jurassic 5			149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian								Jurassic 4			165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras									168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
				Planulata									179.3 *
				Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
				Kanense									181.3 *
				Carlottense									182.3 *
				Kunae									183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae						Jurassic 2			184.2
				Freboldi									185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
		Sinemurian								Jurassic 1			192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian								Triassic 4			208.5
		Carnian							Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian							Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian							Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian							Late Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian							Early Mississippian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian					Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8				Devonian 1
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				St Davids			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				Caerfai			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
													538.8