PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Sheridanian							0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene						Sheridanian							0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene						Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene						Cudahyan/Sappan							0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene													2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene													3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene						Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene													5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene													15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
										Monroecreekian						23.1 *
										Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene							Geringian		Kekeamuan				27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene									Kekeamuan				29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian			47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan				56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan				56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene								To3/To2/To1					61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene								Pu3/Pu2/Pu1					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Senonian		66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Gallic		100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian												Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras												168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta												174.7
				Planulata												179.3 *
				Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi										179.8 *
				Kanense												181.3 *
				Carlottense												182.3 *
				Kunae	183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae	184.2
				Freboldi	185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian					192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian	264.28
		Roadian					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian							273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian						Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan						485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian						Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran						Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran							514
			Montezuman							514.8 *
			Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																538.8