PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Devonian Subages	Permian of North America		Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units		South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene														Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene														Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene														Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian															Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian															Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene												Tertiary †		Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene														Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene														Chapadmalalan				3.6
																	Montehermosan				3.7 *
																	Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene																		5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
																	Chasicoan				7.9 *
																	Mayoan				9.9 *
																	Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene														Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian															Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian															Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian															Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene														Friasian				15.98
																	Santacrucian				16.2 *
																	Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian															Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian															Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene																		23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene																		27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene														Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene														Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene														Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene																		37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Lutetian															Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian	Early Eocene														Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian	Early Eocene														Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene														Riochican				56
																	Itaboraian				56.9 *
																	Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene																		59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene																		61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene														Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian																	Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																			Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																				Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Callovian																		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		Epizigzagiceras															168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense															168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Herangi	Ururoan	176
						Planulata			179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
										180.1
						Kanense				181.3 *
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		Kanense				182
						Carlottense				182.3 *
						Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Kunae				184.2
						Freboldi				185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Aratauran			188.9
											189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi							192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian							Warepan		208.5
									Otamitan		217
									Oretian		221
		Carnian							Oretian		227
		Carnian						Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian							Etalian		238
		Anisian							Etalian		242
		Anisian							Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian							Nelsonian		249
		Induan							Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan						Kathwai	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai				251.902
												252.4 *
								Chhidru				252.9 *
											Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian									Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
											Puruhauan		254.2
								Kalabagh					255 *
								Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian								Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian										264.28
													265.3 *
												Barettian	266
								Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian	Roadian					Amb					266.9
		Roadian	Roadian										270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian										Cathedralian	273.01
												Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
													Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian												283.5
												Telfordian		285
			Wolfcampian									Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
														288.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian											Nealian	293.52
		Asselian											Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												Kuzel	298.9
														Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
															Stephanian B	300.9 *
															Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian													Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian													Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian													Cantabrian	307
														Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
															Westphalian C	309.8
															Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			315.2										Westphalian B
					Westphalian A										317 *
					Namurian									Yeadonian	318.8 *
														Marsdenian	320.2 *
														Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
														Alportian	322 *
														Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian												Chokierian	323.2
														Arnsbergian	324 *
														Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian									Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian									Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian									Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian									346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian									353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian		358.9
				Middle Famennian		365.3 *
				Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian		372.2
				Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
				Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian		382.7
				Middle Givetian		383.7 *
				Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian		410.8
				Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †	504.5
																					509