PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian Ages of Europe	European Faunal Zones	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian								0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Sheridanian								0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian							MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						MN 16				2.58
		Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene						MN 15				3.6
									MN 14				4.2
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				MN 14				4.7
									MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene						MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian							MN 12				7.246
									MN 11				7.75
									MN 10				8.7
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				MN 10				9.4
									MN 9				9.7
									MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene										11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
									MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian							MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene						MN 4				15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				MN 4				16.3
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				MN 3				16.9
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			MN 3				18.5
									MN 2				20
		Aquitanian							MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian							MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										23.03
						Monroecreekian							23.1 *
						Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene			Geringian							27.82
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene										37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene										37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene				To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene				To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian									66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Melekhovian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Wordian						Noginskian		264.9 *
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Kungurian						Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
		Artinskian						Pavlovoposadian		283.5
		Artinskian						Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian		303.7
								Khamovnikian	304.8
								Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian						Myachkovian	307
								Podolskian	308.9 *
						Kashirian		311.4 *
						Vereian		313.8
						Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian		315.2
						Cheremshanian		316.9 *
						Prikamian		318.6 *
						Severokeltmian		319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
						Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	323.2
					Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian	329 *
		Visean			Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
			Tulian		335.8 *
			Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian	346.7
			Kizelian	350.7 *
			Cherepetian	351.9 *
			Karakubian	354.4 *
			Upinian	356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian	Rootsikula	427.4
				Gleedonian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
				Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	445.2
							Cautleyan	448.9 *
							Pusgillian	449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
								Actonian †	453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian			470
							Whitlandian			471.1 *
							Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
						Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4								Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran		514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
										Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8