PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene		Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene						15.98
					Hemingfordian				16.3
					Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						27.82
					Whitneyan				29.5
					Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene		Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Bridgerian				47.8
					Wasatchian				50.5
					Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian			Senonian		66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Gallic		100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian					Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
									419.2