PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of the Salt Range	Permian of the Pamirs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene										7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene										11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene										13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene										15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene										33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene										41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene										56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian									66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian								Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
		Bajocian									Humphresianum		168.4
		Aalenian								Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
										Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
										Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian								Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian								Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian								Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
		Induan											251.2
		Induan						Kathwai					251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai	Dorashamian				251.902
													252.4 *
								Chhidru					252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian						Chhidru	Dzhulfian				254.14
								Kalabagh					255 *
								Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Midian				259.51
		Wordian											264.28
													265.3 *
					Amb	266.1 *
						Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian					266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian				Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian				Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou			Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5
		Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †			Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian	Ungurian					Xinchangian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Ungurian				Lianghekou †	Xinchangian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †			Batyrbaian					485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian					489.5
							Aksaian					490.7 *
							Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian	Paibian									494
		Paibian	Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian						494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †			Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian							499.5
		Drumian	Drumian				Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian	Drumian				Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian				Tuesaian			504.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian							505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian							509
							Toyonian			510 *
							Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian				Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian				Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian				Tommotian			521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian							530.7
													538.8