PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127681 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of China			Mammal Paleogene Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran							0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene											0.129
				Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene				Castlecliffian							0.34
				Calabrian	Early Pleistocene				Castlecliffian							0.774
				Calabrian					Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian					Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Mangapanian							2.58
				Piacenzian	Late Pliocene				Waipipian							3
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Waipipian							3.6
				Zanclean	Early Pliocene				Opoitian							3.7
			Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene			Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian					Tongaporutuan							7.246
				Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan							11.04
				Serravallian	Middle Miocene				Waiauan							11.63
				Serravallian					Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian					Lillburnian							13.82
									Clifdenian							15.1
								Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian	Early Miocene				Altonian							15.98
				Burdigalian					Otaian							18.7
				Aquitanian					Otaian							20.44
				Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene				Waitakian					MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
									Duntroonian							25.2
									Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian	Early Oligocene									MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene									MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
								Arnold	Runangan							34.6
									Kaiatan							36.7
				Bartonian	Middle Eocene				Kaiatan					MP 16		37.71
				Bartonian					Bortonian					MP 16		39.1
				Lutetian					Bortonian					MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
									Heretaungan							45.7
				Ypresian	Early Eocene				Heretaungan					MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
									Mangaorapan							48.9
									Waipawan							52
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene				Teurian					MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
				Selandian	Middle Paleocene											59.2
				Danian	Early Paleocene											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian		Mata	Haumurian							66
				Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan			Haumurian							72.1
				Santonian					Piripauan							83.6
				Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
									Mangaotanean							90.5
									Arowhanan							93.7
				Cenomanian					Arowhanan							93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
									Motuan							99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan							100.5
									Urutawan							103.3
								Taitai	Korangan							108.4
				Aptian					Korangan							113
				Aptian												117.5
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian		Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian				Mapingian †			Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian							Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian		Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian		Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian		Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian		Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian		Chesterian	323.2
			Visean					Middle Mississippian		Chesterian	330.9
										Meramecian	335.8 *
										Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian		Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian					Early Mississippian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian						393.3
			Pragian		Siegen						407.6
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian					Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian			Chientangkiangian						Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							449.5
			Sandbian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian			Darriwilian			Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian			Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian						470
			Tremadocian			Xinchangian						477.7
			Tremadocian	Lianghekou †		Xinchangian					477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
		Series 2	Stage 3								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
																1400