PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of England		Permian of the Salt Range	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Cenozoic 5							11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene	Cenozoic 4							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene	Cenozoic 4							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Cenozoic 3							33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	Cenozoic 3							37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene	Cenozoic 2							41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Cenozoic 2							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Cenozoic 1							56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8	Senonian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian		Cretaceous 7					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian		Cretaceous 6					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Cretaceous 4	Gallic				Late Albian		100.5
									Middle Albian		106.2 *
									Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3					Late Aptian		113
		Aptian		Cretaceous 3					Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian		Cretaceous 2					Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2	Neocomian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		Cretaceous 1					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian		139.8
									Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
									Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian		Jurassic 6					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5					Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		Jurassic 4					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian		Jurassic 3					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian		174.7
									Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
									Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian							Sevatian		208.5
									Alaunian		213.2 *
									Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian		Triassic 3					Tuvalian		227
		Carnian		Triassic 3					Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
						Griesbachian	251.4 *
						Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4			Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian		Permian 3			Amb	266.9
		Roadian		Permian 3				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine			419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton			421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas			427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
											538.8