PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Britain		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Units	Precambrian of Russia	Permian of North America	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian															0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †			Villanyian								Yushean	2.58
				Piacenzian						Ruscinian									3.1 *
				Zanclean															3.6
				Zanclean														Baodean	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian						Turolian									5.333
				Tortonian						Turolian									7.246
										Vallesian									8.7
										Vallesian								Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian						Astaracian								Tunggurian	11.63
				Langhian						Astaracian								Shanwangian	13.82
				Burdigalian						Orleanian								Shanwangian	15.98
										Orleanian								Xiejiaan	16.9
										Agenian									20
				Aquitanian						Agenian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian															47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian															56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
				Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
				Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
				Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
				Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
				Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian						100.5
													Middle Albian						106.2 *
													Early Albian						109.9 *
				Aptian									Late Aptian						113
				Aptian									Early Aptian						119.5 *
				Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
				Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
				Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
				Berriasian									Late Berriasian						139.8
													Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
													Early Berriasian						142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
				Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
				Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
				Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
				Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
				Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
				Bajocian									Late Bajocian						168.2
				Bajocian									Early Bajocian						168.6 *
				Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian						174.7
													Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
													Early Toarcian						182.9 *
				Pliensbachian									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
				Sinemurian									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
				Hettangian									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian									Sevatian						208.5
													Alaunian						213.2 *
Lacian					216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian			Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian					Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian		443.8
			Katian				Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian				Berounian			449.7 *
			Sandbian							453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
							Dobrotivian					458.5 *
							Oretanian					459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian				Arenigian					468
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth					Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
												Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
												Festiniogian			489.2 *
			Jiangshanian												489.5
														Steptoean	493 *
												Maentwrogian			493.1 *
			Paibian									Maentwrogian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids						Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan		Stage 5 †									Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan		Stage 5 †									Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3											Dyeran		514
														Montezuman		514.8 *
														Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
Fortunian		Terreneuvian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian												Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau			1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan			1375
																			1400