PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Britain		South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of the Baltic			North American Land Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean			0.129
										Irvingtonian			0.21
					Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
										Blancan			1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean								2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan								3.6
					Montehermosan								3.7 *
					Montehermosan					Hemphillian			4.7
					Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
					Chasicoan								7.9 *
					Chasicoan					Clarendonian			9.4
					Mayoan								9.9 *
					Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian											11.63
										Barstovian			12.5
					Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian			Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian								15.98
					Santacrucian								16.2 *
					Santacrucian					Hemingfordian			16.3
					Colhuehuapian					Hemingfordian			17.4 *
										Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian									Kekeamuan		27.82
					Tinguirirican								28.9 *
										Whitneyan			29.5
										Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
					Divisaderan					Chadronian			35.9 *
										Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian											41.2
					Mustersan								41.9 *
										Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian										Bumbanian	47.8
					Casamayoran								47.9 *
										Wasatchian			50.5
										Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican					Clarkforkian	Gashatan		56
					Riochican					Tiffanian			56.2
					Itaboraian								56.9 *
					Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian											61.6
					Tiupampan								62.4 *
					Tiupampan					Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	100.5
		Aptian	113
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel	298.9
			Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
				Stephanian B		300.9 *
				Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian		307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
				Westphalian C		309.8
				Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B		315.2
				Westphalian A		317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
				Marsdenian		320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
				Alportian		322 *
				Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian		323.2
				Arnsbergian		324 *
				Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
			Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
							Kukruse		456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku		458.4
							Lasnamagi		458.9 *
							Aseri		460.4 *
						Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg			477.7
							Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort	Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
										Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian								Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						St Davids				497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Caerfai				509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8